Cesare Lombroso (1835–1909) was an Italian physician and criminologist who argued, most influentially in his 1876 book «L’uomo delinquente» («Criminal Man»), that criminality was an inherited, biological trait, visible in specific physical features — a sloping forehead, a heavy jaw, asymmetrical ears — that marked out the «born criminal» from birth. His theory was built on measurements and sketches of the faces and skulls of convicted criminals, compiled into an infamous illustrated atlas. Though thoroughly discredited by modern criminology and criticized even in his own time, Lombroso’s name and his «rogues’ gallery» of criminal faces became such a familiar cultural reference point that, a century later, «straight out of Lombroso’s album» remained a common Russian shorthand for describing a face that looks, at a glance, like trouble.